A Whole New World

Pemodelan Terstruktur VS Object Oriented

Prince — Sun, 03 May 2009 11:31:08 +0000

Pemodelan dalam suatu rekayasa perangkat lunak merupakan suatu hal yang dilakukan di tahapan awal. Di dalam suatu rekayasa dalam perangkat lunak sebenarnya masih memungkinkan tanpa melakukan suatu pemodelan. Namun, hal itu tidak dapat lagi dilakukan dalam suatu industri perangkat lunak. Pemodelan delam perangkat lunak merupakan suatu yang harus dikerjakan di bagian awal dari rekayasa, dan pemodelan ini akan mempengaruhi perkerjaan-pekerjaan dalam rekayasa perangkat lunak tersebut. Pertama-tama, berikut kami paparkan penjelasan dari pemodelan terstruktur dan object oriented.

Pemodelan terstruktur digunakan dalam analisis sistem, rancangan sistem, dan pengembangan perangkat lunak. Pada dasarnya merupakan pemodelan dengan pendekatan yang baku dan sistematik dengan menerapkan tahapan-tahapan yang sistematik dan bertujuan agar diperoleh hasil berupa suatu informasi yang bermanfaat dan memenuhi kebutuhan pemakai. Pemodelan ini merupakan pemodelan yang sudah lama dipakai. Namun dalam perkembangan pemodelan munculah pemodelan-pemodelan lain, salah satunya adalah Object Oriented.

Pemrogaman Object Oriented atau Pemrograman berorientasi objek merupakan paradigma pemrograman yang berorientasikan kepada objek. Semua data dan fungsi di dalam paradigma ini dibungkus dalam kelas-kelas atau objek-objek. Setiap objek dapat menerima pesan, memproses data, dan mengirim pesan ke objek lainnya. Model data berorientasi objek dikatakan dapat memberi fleksibilitas yang lebih, kemudahan mengubah program, dan digunakan luas dalam teknik piranti lunak skala besar.

Dalam perkembanganya pemrograman object oriented lebih dicari ketimbang pemrograman struktural atau prosedural. Mengapa hal ini bisa terjadi, sementara kita masih bisa menggunakan konsep pemrograman prosedural? Dalam membangun program yang masih sederhana tentunya konsep object oriented ini akan terasa sangat menyusahkan, akan tetapi ketika kita membuat sebuah program yang ruang lingkupnya luas konsep object oriented akan terasa sangat membantu karena akan terasa lebih mudah untuk mengorganisir program yang telah kita buat. Pemrograman ini mempertinggi kualitas dan produktifitas pengembangan software.

Namun hal ini bukan bearti pemodelan struktural ditinggalkan begitu saja. Dalam permasalahan tertentu justru pemodelan ini lebih baik digunakan, khususnya pemasalahan yang dianggap sederhana. Akan tetapi ada satu hal yang bisa kita pastikan dalam pemrogram struktural maupun objek oriented yaitu tujuan dari pemodelan itu sendiri yang mana agar pada akhir proyek sistem dapat diperoleh sistem informasi yang memenuhi kebutuhan pemakai, tepat waktu dan sesuai anggaran, serta mudah digunakan, dimengerti dan dipelihara.

Pemodelan perangkat lunak biasanya lebih dari 60 % dari total biaya pembuatan perangkat lunak. Presentasi ini terus bertambah karena lebih banyak perangkat lunak dihasilkan dan dipelihara. Pembuatan perangkat lunak untuk suatauperubahan adalah penting. Proses perangkat lunak komplek dan melibatkan banyak aktivitas. Oleh karena itu, pemilihan cara pemodelan mana yang lebih baik akan sangat menentukan dalam pembuatan perangkat lunak yang sesuai dengan permintaan pengguna itu sendiri.

Warshall algorithm

Prince — Sun, 29 Mar 2009 13:30:07 +0000

 1 /* Assume a function edgeCost(i,j) which returns the cost of the edge from i to j
 2    (infinity if there is none).
 3    Also assume that n is the number of vertices and edgeCost(i,i)=0
 4 */
 5
 6 int path[][];
 7 /* A 2-dimensional matrix. At each step in the algorithm, path[i][j] is the shortest path
 8    from i to j using intermediate vertices (1..k-1).  Each path[i][j] is initialized to
 9    edgeCost(i,j) or infinity if there is no edge between i and j.
10 */
11
12 procedure FloydWarshall ()
13    for  $k : = 1$  to  $n$ 
14       for each  $(i, j)$  in  ${1,.., n} 2$ 
15          path[i][j] = min ( path[i][j], path[i][k]+path[k][j] );

Kruskal algorithm

Prince — Sun, 29 Mar 2009 13:28:04 +0000

/* Style Definitions */
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mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
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mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}

void kruskal ( )

{

int i,x,b[MAX_NODE],top,w,v;

int min_wt,y,f_wt[MAX_NODE],bentuk;

node *ptr1;

f_node *ptr2;

f_list=NULL;

for(i=1;i<=totNodes;i++)

status[i]=unseen;

x=1;

status[x]=intree;

top=0;

bentuk=0;

while( (top <= (totNodes-1)) && (!bentuk

{

ptr1=adj[x];

while(ptr1!=NULL)

{

y=ptr1->vertex;

w=ptr1->weight;

if((status[y]==fringe) && (w

{

b[y]=x;

f_wt[y]=w;

}

else if(status[y]==unseen)

{

status[y]=fringe;

b[y]=x;

f_wt[y]=w;

Insert_Beg(y);

}

ptr1=ptr1->next;

}

if(f_list==NULL)

bentuk=1;

else

{

x=f_list->vertex;

min_wt=f_wt[x];

ptr2=f_list->next;

while(ptr2!=NULL)

{

w=ptr2->vertex;

if(f_wt[w] < min_wt)

{

x=w;

min_wt=f_wt[w];

}

ptr2=ptr2->next;

}

del(x);

status[x]=intree;

top++;

}

for(x=2;x<=totNodes;x++)

cout<<”(“<

delay(10);

}

Prim algorithm

Prince — Sun, 29 Mar 2009 13:20:09 +0000

Procedure Prim(input G : graf, output T : pohon)

{ Membentuk pohon merentang minimum T dari

graf terhubung G.

Masukan : graf-berbobot terhubung G = (V, E),

dimana V = n

Keluaran : pohon rentang minimum T = (V, E’)

}

Deklarasi

i, p, q, u, v : integer

Algoritma

Cari sisi (p,q) dari E yang berbobot terkecil

T {(p,q)}

for i 1 to n-2 do

Pilih sisi (u,v) dari E yang bobotnya terkecil

namun bersisian dengan suatu simpul di

dalam T

T T {(u,v)}

endfor

Bellman Ford algorithm

Prince — Sun, 29 Mar 2009 13:10:33 +0000

procedure BellmanFord(list vertices, list edges, vertex source)
   // This implementation takes in a graph, represented as lists of vertices
   // and edges, and modifies the vertices so that their distance and
   // predecessor attributes store the shortest paths.

   // Step 1: Initialize graph
   for each vertex v in vertices:
       if v is source then v.distance := 0
       else v.distance := infinity
       v.predecessor := null

   // Step 2: relax edges repeatedly
   for i from 1 to size(vertices)-1:
       for each edge uv in edges: // uv is the edge from u to v
           u := uv.source
           v := uv.destination
           if v.distance > u.distance + uv.weight:
               v.distance := u.distance + uv.weight
               v.predecessor := u

   // Step 3: check for negative-weight cycles
   for each edge uv in edges:
       u := uv.source
       v := uv.destination
       if v.distance > u.distance + uv.weight:
           error "Graph contains a negative-weight cycle"

DFS & BFS algorithm

Prince — Sun, 29 Mar 2009 12:56:16 +0000

algoritma DFS

dfs(graph G)
{
  list L = empty
  tree T = empty
  choose a starting vertex x
  search(x)
  while(L is not empty)
  {
    remove edge (v, w) from beginning of L
    if w not yet visited
    {
      add (v, w) to T
      search(w)
    }
  }
}

search(vertex v)
{
  visit v
  for each edge (v, w)
    add edge (v, w) to the beginning of L
}

BFS algoritma



  Normal
  0

  false
  false
  false

  EN-US
  X-NONE
  X-NONE

  MicrosoftInternetExplorer4







 Inisialisasi Matriks Boolean yang diset false 

Inisialisasi
Sebuah Antrian Kosong 

Buat Simpul
Asal 

Masukkan
Simpul Asal ke dalam Antrian 

Buat Simpul
Tujuan 

Boolean
ketemu=false 

int jarak =
1 

While
AntrianTidakKosong and not ketemu do  

Ambil simpul n dari antrian  

if n=simpul_tujuan then

ketemu=true   

output(jarak)   

return solusi  

else

increment
(level)   

Bangkitkan
suksesor n  dari n   

for setiap
suksesor n  dari n  

if(dikunjungi[posisi  x  dari 

n ][posisi  y  dari  n
]=false) 

then

Set parent dari n  menjadi n 

Masukkan
n  ke dalam antrian 

endfor

endwhile

I think about me!

Prince — Tue, 03 Mar 2009 15:40:13 +0000

My SWOT(Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats)

Saya pikir kelebihan saya adalah mudah untuk berteman dengan siapa saja, sangat bertanggung jawab, mudah untuk berkerjasama dalam tim dan selalu jujur.

Tentang kelemahan saya, saya sedikit malas, suka ketiduran dan mudah lupa.

Opportunities/kesempatan: Lebih mengenal hal-hal baru,mudah diajak berkerja sama,dll

Threat: mudah melupakan hal-hal yang tidak terlalu penting

Dalam perkembangan kompter science, strategi saya adlah memperdalam keilmuan saya secra terus menerus, dan mengembangkan keilmuan lain di luar bidang computer science, misal, pada ilmu manejemen bisnis, dealing with people,dll

CS career path

Prince — Tue, 03 Mar 2009 15:24:38 +0000

Computer Science (CS) mempelajari antara lain tentang bagaimana mengembangkan robotik, computer vision, intelligence system, bio-informatika, dan hal-hal lainnya yang terkait dengan pengembangan komputer kedepannya. Untuk itu, ilmuwan komputer ini harus memelajari berbagai hal secara teoritis hingga dasar-dasar algoritma dan mengetahui cara mengimplementasikannya. Dalam artikel yang saya unduh dari(http://computingcareers.acm.org/?page_id=8) :

Computer Science

Computer science (CS) spans the range from theory through programming to cutting-edge development of computing solutions. Computer science offers a foundation that permits graduates to adapt to new technologies and new ideas. The work of computer scientists falls into three categories: a) designing and building software; b) developing effective ways to solve computing problems, such as storing information in databases, sending data over networks or providing new approaches to security problems; and c) devising new and better ways of using computers and addressing particular challenges in areas such as robotics, computer vision, or digital forensics (although these specializations are not available in all computer science programs). Most computer science programs require some mathematical background.

Let us consider what is involved in a career path in each area.

Career Path 1: Designing and implementing software. This refers to the work of software development which has grown to include aspects of web development, interface design, security issues, mobile computing, and so on. This is the career path that the majority of computer science graduates follow. While a bachelor’s degree is generally sufficient for entry into this kind of career, many software professionals return to school to obtain a terminal master’s degree. (Rarely is a doctorate involved.) Career opportunities occur in a wide variety of settings including large or small software companies, large or small computer services companies, and large organizations of all kinds (industry, government, banking, healthcare, etc.). Degree programs in software engineering also educate students for this career path.
Career Path 2: Devising new ways to use computers. This refers to innovation in the application of computer technology. A career path in this area can involve advanced graduate work, followed by a position in a research university or industrial research and development laboratory; it can involve entrepreneurial activity such as was evident during the dot-com boom of the 1990s; or it can involve a combination of the two.
Career Path 3: Developing effective ways to solve computing problems. This refers to the application or development of computer science theory and knowledge of algorithms to ensure the best possible solutions for computationally intensive problems. As a practical matter, a career path in the development of new computer science theory typically requires graduate work to the Ph.D. level, followed by a position in a research university or an industrial research and development laboratory.
Career Path 4: Planning and managing organizational technology infrastructure. This is the type of work for which the new information technology (IT) programs explicitly aim to educate students.

Career paths 2 and 3 are undenably in the domain of computer science graduates. Career paths 1 and 4 have spawned the new majors in software engineering and information technology, respectively, and information systems graduates often follow Career path 1, too. Computer scientists continue to fill these positions, but programs in software engineering, information technology, and information systems offer alternative paths to these careers.

Computer Science in Indonesia

Prince — Tue, 03 Mar 2009 15:02:27 +0000

Science still not a popular career field

The Jakarta Post , Jakarta | Sat, 08/03/2002 7:39 AM | Life

Nobel Prize Winner Claude N. Cohen Tannoudji was very impressed when seeing hundreds of young scientists around the world gathered at the recent Physics Olympiad in Nusa Dua, Bali, last week.

The distinguished scientist openly expressed his happiness to see so many young people wanting to follow his path in the world of science.

“”It is refreshing for me to be with these inspiring and talented youth coming from around the globe who all share a strong motivation in science,”" exclaimed the scientist, when delivering a special award to the Olympiad’s absolute winner Ngoc Duong Dang from Vietnam on July 29.

There is no denying that only a few youngsters are interested in science. For many of them, science is something very difficult to comprehend and working in the science world is something to be avoided, if possible.

Choosing a fast-track and easy-to-get-rich career as a lawyer, doctor or banker is everybody’s dream.

In many parts of the world, especially in developing countries, a scientist is a low-income and unpopular profession.

Take Junita, a graduate from the physics department of a prestigious university in Indonesia. She chose to pursue a career in a multinational bank rather than become a scientist or a lecturer at her department.

“”My job is promising. With my present salary, I can save quite a lot of money. Imagine what it would be like if I worked in a cramped laboratory,”" said Junita who graduated with honors.

Harianta, a physics graduate from a Bandung university in West Java, decided to work at the state-owned telecommunication company. Now, his career is thriving.

Graduates of physics or other natural, applied sciences in Indonesia are now spreading to various professions like bankers, computer programmers, journalists, civil servants, businessmen and front desk telephone operators.

Yohanes Surya, who gained his Phd in physics from the College of William and Mary in Virginia, expressed his concern about science education in Indonesia.

“”It is a vicious circle. Science has always been unpopular in Indonesia and we do very little to popularize the subject and to attract the interest of young people in science,”" said Yohanes.

Thanks to the media as well as publishing companies, there are a number of interesting science columns and programs appearing in newspapers like Kompas and Tempo dailies.

Television stations including SCTV and TPI are famous for their science programs. SCTV‘s Galileo Quiz was one of the station’s most popular shows, while TPI‘s Discovery programs provide visual experiences for both young and adult viewers alike.

Johanes went further, saying the way science is taught at local schools — from elementary to high school, is really out of date, compared to Western countries and neighbors like Singapore and Malaysia.

“”Most school science material emphasizes old theories, written words, rarely on exciting experiments. This is so ineffective because science is just about everyday things,”" he said. Besides, school textbooks are too burdensome. In a quarter period or four months, students have to learn a lot of material, not to mention their mountains of homework.

“”We must do something immediately to change the teaching method and the science learning system if we want to develop science. The present system burdens both students and teachers,”" Yohanes insisted.

Rudy Noerhadi, a high school teacher from Surabaya in East Java, admitted he often felt helpless when presenting science material in his class.

“”Most of us only try to deliver all the material in the textbook. We do not know whether our students understand it or not. We are under pressure to achieve our target over the school year,”" said Rudi, who attended a national conference for physics teachers in Nusa Dua last week.

Ketut Killa, a principal at SMPN I junior high school in Denpasar, also agreed the teaching of science in local schools is boring and uninspiring.

“”Lack of facilities is another problem. Many schools are not equipped with necessary facilities like laboratories and equipment for scientific experiments,”" he said.

When talking about school facilities, Indonesia seems to lag behind other countries in the world, even poor ones like Pakistan and Vietnam.

Lilik Hendrajaya, professor at the Bandung Institute of Technology, explained that Indonesia has never been serious in developing its education system.

Since the New Order period, the government has spent only 6 percent of the national budget compared to Malaysia that allocates 30 percent of its national budget for education.

“”Indonesia has a lot of brilliant students like those who participated in the Olympiad, but the school system here prevents them from thriving,”" he said. The worst thing is that the government has never paid attention to the growing number of “”clever”" students.

“”The government and the country’s universities have never realized our great potential. It’s a pity because foreign universities are more proactive in netting Indonesia’s best students,”" Lilik said.

During the opening of the Olympiad on July 22, President Megawati Soekarnoputri had promised to improve the country’s education system and to provide places for talented students. But many doubt that. Many people believe that promises by politicians or government officials are hardly likely to be fulfilled.

Yohanes urged the government to pay more attention to these “”bright students”".

“”They are the nation’s assets who will develop the country in the future.”"

– Rita A. Widiadana

Eagle Eye Film

Prince — Tue, 03 Mar 2009 13:51:14 +0000

The film begins with the armed forces getting a lead on a suspected terrorist. As the man is a recluse, getting a positive ID proves difficult, and the DOD’s computer system recommends that the mission be aborted. From continued aerial surveillance of the area, the suspect is apparently attending a funeral but the possibility that it is a facade makes those present all nervous – the system continues to recommend abort. The Secretary of Defense (Michael Chiklis) agrees with the abort recommendation, but the President orders the mission be carried out anyway. This turns into a political backlash when all those killed turn out to be civilians, and retaliatory bombings are carried out in response. The scene abruptly shifts to the life of Jerry Shaw (Shia LaBeouf), a Stanford University drop out who not only lacks any real direction in his life, but also faces great financial difficulty. He gets a phone call from his parents telling him that his twin brother, Ethan, is dead. Following the funeral, Jerry gets a $1,000 check from his dad. When Jerry tries to deposit the check and withdraw some money from the ATM, he’s surprised to see that his account is filled with a lump sum of money. Soon he returns home to find his apartment filled with a large amount of weapons, explosives, and forged documents. He receives a phone call from an unknown woman, who explains that the FBI are about to apprehend him in thirty seconds and that he must escape. Not believing her, he is caught by the FBI, led by Agent Thomas Morgan (Billy Bob Thornton) and Air Force Office of Special Investigations Special Agent Zoe Perez (Rosario Dawson). The unknown woman arranges Jerry’s escape and has him join up with single mother Rachel Holloman (Michelle Monaghan). Holloman is being coerced into helping by the woman, who threatens to kill her son, Sam, a trumpet player on his way to Washington, D.C. from Chicago for a band recital. The woman helps the pair to avoid the police and FBI units, demonstrating the ability to remotely control virtually any networked device, such as traffic lights, cell phones, and even automated cranes. While Jerry and Rachel follow her instructions, the woman has a crystal explosive made into a necklace and its sound-based trigger placed inside Sam’s trumpet. Jerry and Rachel are led to Washington, D.C. through various means. Along the way, they are introduced to the woman, who is actually a top secret super-computer called ARIA tasked with gathering intelligence from all over the world. ARIA, the overtaken computer, can control virtually anything electronic to that end. In light of the mistake made by the President at the beginning of the film, ARIA has decided that the executive branch is a threat to the public good and must be eliminated. ARIA plans to destroy the President’s Cabinet, and calls this Operation Guillotine. It has decided to leave the Secretary of Defense, who agreed with its recommendation to abort, as the successor to the presidency. She does not reveal this to Jerry or Rachel, merely explaining that she is trying to help the people of the United States. At the Pentagon, where ARIA is housed, Agent Perez discovers that Ethan worked as a technician for the computer and locked it down to prevent ARIA from carrying out her plan. Perez warns the Secretary of Defense and they discuss the situation in a sealed room to prevent ARIA from hearing their conversation. Jerry and Rachel arrive at the Pentagon and are led to the super computer, where ARIA forces Jerry to impersonate Ethan and use an override code allowing her to go ahead with the plan. She then instructs Rachel to eliminate Jerry to prevent the lock from being reinstated, but Rachel cannot bring herself to do it. Rachel is led out of the building by ARIA while Jerry is caught by Agent Morgan. Having been warned by Agent Perez, Morgan believes Jerry’s story and takes him to the United States Capitol. On their way, however, ARIA sends an MQ-9 Reaper UCAV after them. Agent Morgan sacrifices himself to destroy the craft and save Jerry. Meanwhile, Agent Perez returns to the super computer and is successful in destroying it, but not before ARIA uploads roughly a fifth of its memory to another location. Rachel is given the explosive necklace and sent to watch the President’s speech. Sam’s class, whose recital has been moved from the Kennedy Center to the Capitol for the President’s State of the Union Address, begins to play. The trigger that will set off the explosive necklace is set to activate when Sam plays a high F on his trumpet corresponding to the word “free” in the last verse of the U.S. national anthem. Jerry successfully infiltrates the vicinity and fires Morgan’s pistol into the air, stopping the performance and emptying the room, but provoking a Secret Service agent to shoot him in the shoulder. In the aftermath of the chaos ARIA caused, the Secretary of Defense urges that another super computer should not be built. Ethan posthumously receives the Medal of Honor while Jerry, injured but alive and well, receives the Congressional Gold Medal. The film ends with Jerry attending Sam’s birthday party. Rachel thanks him for attending and kisses him on the cheek. She then tells Jerry that she is glad that he is there. After a second of silence, Jerry tells her, “Me too,” and the film ends.